Local Government between Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam

Local Government between Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam Comparison of Local Government between Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam Rifka Aulya a. Indonesia State:Indonesia Currency: Rupiah (IDR) Capital: DKI Jakarta State Structure: Unitary Form of Government:Constitutional Republic (Presidential) Local Government: There is Local Government in Indonesia Indonesia is the one of the country in south-east Asia. To manage the resources on whole area in this state, it is possible if all of the management is undertake by central government. So, Indonesia has implementation of local government to manage each area according to the law No. 32/2004 on Local Government. To manage their resources within own area, Indonesia divide into 35 province that lead by Governor who chosen through an election every 5 years. The province is divided into districts and municipalities, which each province, counties, and the city has a local government, which is regulated by legislation. And, each sub-district (kecamatan) consists of some villages that can define as the lowest level on Local Government in Indonesia. The scheme about Local Government in Indonesia is on picture bellow. Local Government in Indonesia Local government in Indonesia defines into 3 terms. They are local government as Implementation of local autonomy, government as an organ, and localities. The implementation of local autonomy is the role of government as a function. There are two functions there, once is the authority as policy-makers and to implement that policy, the other is as function/ responsibility/ affairs. There are many functions that can take by local government such as providing an education, health service, and many more. But, there’s a function that can’t handle by local government, just taken by central government that we call absolute affairs including defense, religion, security, monetary and fiscal, juristic, and foreign-relation. Government as an organ is the person or actors who implementing local government. The person is like the head of province (Governor), council (Bupati), Regents, etc. And localities is about the communities who live in local area. The definition of localities Local government in Indonesia also divided into 4 categories that have a specific authority, they are deconcentration, decentralization, delegation, and devolution. Deconcentration also called administrative decentralization, it’s only in administrative. Decentralization is transferring authority of responsibility from central to lower government include managing the administrative, politics, economic, fiscal, etc. Devolution is decentralization in political only (political decentralization), it’s mean that local government can make or unmake the policies to make politic stability in their localities. And delegation also called administrative decentralization. b. Brunei Darussalam State: Brunei Darussalam Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan Currency: Brunei Dollar (BND) State Structure: Unitary Forms of Government: Constitutional Sultanate Local Government: There’s no Local Government Local Government in Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam is the one of ten countries in south-east Asia in which capital of the country is Bandar Sri Begawan. Brunei Darussalam has 422.700 populations and the wide area is 5.765 sq km. Forms of government is constitutional monarchy with the head of the country is majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzadin Waddaulah, Sultan and Yang dipertuan of Negara Brunei Darussalam. The Sultan is appointed by Council of succession. Sultan has absolute and full of authority in any state policy to govern the country, including the status of impunity for he and his family empire. People are not given the slightest power. All rules are made by the Sultan without regard to the desires or aspirations of the people. To manage their state, Sultan is assisted and advised by six councils, namely: the Council of Ministers, the Legislative Council, the Religious Council, the Privy Council, the Adat Istiadat Council, and the Council of Succession. People have handed their rights over the Sultan to rule unanimously. Sultan should be responsible not only to society but also to Allah SWT to bring the communities to achieve the welfare and prosperity. Thus came the proverb in indigenous perspective that says Raja tidak zalim, rakyat pantang menderhaka kepada raja† and †Raja wajib adil, rakyat wajib taat†. Sultans role is enshrined in the national philosophy of Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB). There are six roles of the Sultan in the context of MIB: 1) The Sultan as an umbrella of Allah on the earth, 2) Sultan as the supreme leader of the Islamic religion, 3) Sultan as head of state, 4) Sultan is the head of government, 5) Sultan as supreme leader vogue, and 6) Sultan as supreme commander of the armed forces In the Beraja system there are 3 elements, namely: the king (Sultan), the government and the people. Sultan will be respected and loved by the societies, if government can perform its function well in providing services to the public. By itself the people then will show his loyalty to the Sultan. The government should be able to run the administration well in order to run successful development. In Brunei Darussalam, it’s only divides into 4 districts, they are Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, and Tutong. The council of minister is appointed by their residents. So, there’s no election in Brunei Darussalam. There’s no local government in Brunei Darussalam, although the local administration takes place through the four districts. At the local level, people are represented by their respective penghulus, ketua kampungs as head of the village, and heads of longhouse. The Local Government differentiation between Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam DIFFERENTIATION INDONESIA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Local Government There’s Local Government There’s no Local Government form of Local Government Decentralization Deconcentration Delegation Devaluation Centralization Election There’s an election every 5 years to determine/ choose the head of localities There’s no election, because the head of district was chosen by own residents (their own communities) in their respective areas. Responsibility Local government have responsibility to Central Government have responsibility for their respective communities’s welfare. The Similarities between Local Government in Indonesia and  Brunei Darussalam Similarity Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam Head of districts Both of the countries have head of districts area to lead the own area, although with different name. In Indonesia, the district of Province, lead by Governor, municipal by Council (Bupati), regents by â€Å"camat†. In Brunei, the districts lead by penghulus and ketua kampungs. Daftar Pustaka Dodo, 2009. Kesultanan Brunei Darussalam. Access Date on April 7th 2014 through http://nationalgeographic.co.id/forum/topic-96.html Permana, Renaldy. 2009. Konstitusi Brunei Darussalam. Date access on April 7th 2014, trough http://renaldypermana.blogspot.com/ 009/11/konstitusi-brunei-darussalam.html

Catherine Triangle Essay

Overlooking the docks area of Brooklyn is the massive Brooklyn Bridge, which spans New York’s East River and which joins the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan. In the title, Miller suggests he is giving the audience a view of the community which lies below the bridge. The title also suggests that the audience is given a panoramic view of the scene, much as a captain of a ship has an all-round view from the vessel’s bridge. The action of the play takes place largely in an apartment in a tenement block in the Red Hook area of Brooklyn. In the play, Alfieri, the lawyer, describes the area as: â€Å"the slum that faces the bay on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge† and as â€Å"the gullet of New York swallowing the tonnage of the world. † It was a socially deprived area, where succeeding generations of immigrants from Europe, both legal and illegal, found a home and work. There was a long-established Italian community in the area. The Culture and Society of Red Hook. Given the rather traditional values of Italian-American society in the middle of the twentieth century and the fact that most of the men earned their living from hard physical labour in the dockyards and elsewhere, it is not surprising that Red Hook was quite a raw, masculine and even macho society. Manhood, which involved strength and aggression (and proving it) was very important. Women were expected to conform to an image of purity and domestic virtue and, as Beatrice does, gain most of their satisfaction from cooking and maintaining the household. The men expected to be respected and obeyed as of right and the women had to submit to them in decision- making. The influence of the Roman Catholic Church was strong and most people had traditional moral views. The family and the extended family were of major importance as was the community. Many of the families were recent immigrants from Southern Italy, the original home of the Mafia, and family and blood ties were often demonstrated through the practice of vendetta, that is the obligation on the rest of the family to take revenge on anyone who insulted or harmed any of its members. It was, therefore, a culture in which a man’s reputation (for strength and honesty, for example) was crucial to him and where any affront to a person’s honour had to be avenged. This may help you to understand the pressure that Eddie and Marco are under at the end of the play. The Legal Background. In the first 20 years of the Twentieth Century, over three million Italians emigrated to the U. S. A. to escape from the poverty of their homeland and in the hope of a better life in America. These were legal immigrants to America, but the local population grew increasingly hostile to the Italian community. In the early 1920s the American government passed laws to restrict immigration and afterwards only four thousand Italians were allowed to enter the U. S. A.  legally each year. Far more than this number were desperate to escape the poverty of their own country. Two such were the ‘submarines’, Marco and Rodolpho, cousins of Beatrice, who enter America illegally on the evening the play opens. One of the few ways an illegal immigrant could gain the right to remain in America legitimately was to marry an American citizen. This sometimes meant that illegal immigrants married not for love, but simply to remain in the country. We can perhaps better understand Eddie’s fears about Rodolpho when we know this 7. The Carbone Family’s Background. A playwright, unlike a novelist, cannot describe characters and situations to an audience. Details about characters and their relationships have to be revealed gradually and subtly. What, then, do we know about the Carbone family and the relationships within it? The Carbones live in an apartment in a tenement building, at 441 Saxon Street, Brooklyn, which Miller describes as a ‘worker’s flat, clean, sparse, homely. ‘ Eddie, aged 40, is a large, strong man who enjoys male pursuits and going bowling with his friends. He is a longshoreman (i. e. he works in the docks). Beatrice is a traditional 1950s housewife. She keeps the flat looking immaculate, cooks and, at least in the early part of the play, dutifully defers to Eddie in everything. She stands up to Eddie much more as the action unfolds, and objects to his overprotective attitude to Catherine. Catherine, Beatrice’s attractive 17-year-old niece, had been adopted by Eddie and Beatrice when her parents died. Catherine is very fond of Eddie but there is growing tension between them because of Catherine’s wish to start work and Eddie’s desire to protect her from, as he sees them, the dangers of the adult world. The Eddie – Beatrice – Catherine Triangle. The relationship between these three is the fOcus of Act I. Eddie and Beatrice have obviously had a warm, loving relationship but there are currently stresses. In Catherine’s opinion, and in Eddie’s too, Beatrice nags her husband. Catherine tells Rodolpho: â€Å"If I was a wife, I would make a man happy instead of going on at him all the time† (Implying that Beatrice does ‘go on’ at Eddie. ) Eddie certainly agrees with Catherine’s view. He tells Beatrice: â€Å"You didn’t used to jump on me all the time about everything. The last year or two I come in the house I don’t know what’s gonna hit me. It’s a shooting gallery in here and I’m the pigeon. † Part of the tension is caused by Eddie’s belief that he should be the master in the house and Beatrice’s increasing wish to express her own view. This leads Eddie to say, â€Å"I don’t like the way you talk to me, Beatrice†, whenever Beatrice disagrees with him. The Catherine – Rodolpho – Eddie Triangle. When Eddie first hears that Beatrice’s cousins have arrived he says it would be an ‘honour’ to help them, despite the obvious risks involved. He knows how important it is to give the men a chance to work to send money back to Italy. There is no doubt that Eddie understands the poverty they are escaping as his own father had come to the U. S. A. from Italy. Eddie’s willingness to offer hospitality shows that he is a good man, aware of his responsibilities to others in the Italian-American community. This makes his later actions an even greater shock. Eddie is immediately impressed by the quiet dignity and maturity of Marco, but he is equally quickly irritated by Rodolpho. This is partly because of Rodolpho’s personality, for he is an extrovert, quite loud, showy, lively and fun- loving, but also because of his appearance. Eddie’s stereotyping of Rodolpho because of his blond hair and his voice shows prejudice, which reflects not just Eddie’s attitudes but those of his time and culture. . The Catherine – Rodolpho – Eddie Triangle Things which irritate Eddie These are the things about Rodolpho which irritate Eddie: His appearance; especially his blond ‘wacky’ hair. Eddie says of Rodolpho: â€Å"he’s like a chorus girl or sump’n†. His abilities and talents, e. g. dressmaking and cooking, which Eddie thinks are things only a woman should do. This leads him to doubt whether Rodolpho is a ‘real’ man. His fondness for singing out loud in his high tenor voice, even on the ships. Eddie is embarrassed that other men laugh at Rodolpho for this. He is particularly angry when Rodolpho sings ‘Paper Doll’ because he thinks the words may be related to Catherine and he becomes aware of the growing romance between her and Rodolpho. The stage directions state that Eddie is ‘puffed with trouble’ when he notices the growing affection between Catherine and Rodolpho. These are the things that annoy Eddie at first, but annoyance becomes hate when he realises that Rodolpho is a rival for Catherine. In Act II, Eddie is furious with Catherine and Rodolpho for going to the cinema and staying out late. Eddie believes that Rodolpho is deliberately dating Catherine in the hope of marrying her and being able to stay in America. It is difficult to decide whether this is a genuine concern or whether Eddie is using it as an excuse to cover his real feeling which is sexual jealousy. What do you think? It is unlikely that a man like Eddie would consider Rodolpho as a suitable partner for Catherine, even if there was no sexual jealousy involved. . The Catherine – Rodolpho – Eddie Triangle Eddie’s motives Whatever his motives, be they genuine concern to protect his niece or sexual jealousy, Eddie tries his hardest to turn Catherine against Rodolpho and split them up. He tries to humiliate Rodolpho in front of Catherine in the following ways: He cleverly introduces the subject of boxing (a suitably masculine activity for Eddie) and, while pretending to teach Rodolpho how to box, hits him in the mouth. For Eddie, this demonstrates to Catherine what a weak man Rodolpho is and what a strong one he (Eddie) is. It also shows that Eddie thinks women are more attracted to strong, aggressive males.

Software Architecture Code for Wrapper Class

Wrapper to connect two applications with different architectures Public con As ADODB. Connection Public rs As ADODB. Recordset Dim str As String Private Sub Command1_Click() Command1. Enabled = False Command2. Enabled = False Command3. Enabled = False Command4. Enabled = True Set con = New ADODB. Connection Set rs = New ADODB. Recordset con. Open â€Å"Provider=SQLOLEDB. 1;Integrated Security=SSPI;Persist Security Info=False;Initial Catalog=AIR† str = â€Å"insert into Staff values(† & Text1. Text & â€Å",'† & Text2.Text & â€Å"‘, † & Text3. Text & â€Å",† & Text4. Text & â€Å",'† & Text5. Text & â€Å"‘)† On Error GoTo Delete_Error con. Execute (str) MsgBox † Record added Successfully† Text1. Text = â€Å"† Text2. Text = â€Å"† Text3. Text = â€Å"† Text4. Text = â€Å"† Text5. Text = â€Å"† Text1. SetFocus Exit Sub Delete_Error: MsgBox â€Å"This record cannot be Added . Error code = † _ & Err. Number & vbCrLf & Err. Description, _ vbCritical, â€Å"Cannot Update Database† End Sub Private Sub Command2_Click() Command1. Enabled = False Command4. Enabled = False Command6.Enabled = False If (Adodc1. Recordset. BOF) Then Adodc1. Recordset. MoveLast Else Adodc1. Recordset. MovePrevious End If End Sub Private Sub Command3_Click() Command1. Enabled = False Command4. Enabled = False Command6. Enabled = False If (Adodc1. Recordset. EOF) Then Adodc1. Recordset. MoveFirst Else Adodc1. Recordset. MoveNext End If End Sub Private Sub Command4_Click() Command4. Enabled = False Command1. Enabled = True Command2. Enabled = False Command3. Enabled = False Command7. Enabled = False Text1. Text = â€Å"†Text2. Text = â€Å"† Text3. Text = â€Å"† Text4. Text = â€Å"† Text5. Text = â€Å"† Text1. SetFocus End Sub Private Sub Command5_Click() Unload Me Form2. Show End Sub Private Sub Command6_Click() Text1. Text =  "† Text2. Text = â€Å"† Text3. Text = â€Å"† Text4. Text = â€Å"† Text5. Text = â€Å"† Text1. SetFocus End Sub SQL COMMANDS: create database AIR create table Staff(Staff_id int PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,Staff_name varchar(20), Staff_age int, Salary int, Staff_address varchar(30)) ::Database AIR created successfully ::Table Staff creates successfully

Ghettos Death Sentences, The Uprisings Of The 1960s

Ghettos: Death Sentences The uprisings of the 1960s were not the culmination of violence in the ghettos. The decades following the 1960s saw the shift of violence in ghettos from protest violence to simply violence. In â€Å"Urban Violence and Street Gangs, gangs are defined as â€Å"groups of [primarily] male adolescents and youths who have grown up together as children, usually in cohorts in a low-income neighborhood or city† (Vigil 226). In the movie, Doughboy and his friends are not shown as a subset of a widespread gang (although it can be inferred from their blue attire that they belong to the infamous Los Angeles Crips). Yet, they grow up together on the streets, find solace in one another’s company, and become involved in violent behavior during their adolescent years; therefore, they can be defined as a gang. Several factors play a role in the violent atmosphere which dominates ghettos and gangs: a locura mentality, ecological factors, socioeconomic factors, a nd a lack of social control--particularly family stress (Vigil 231). 1) Locura Locura is defined as a â€Å"spectrum of behavior reflected in a type of quasi-controlled insanity† and it has become a â€Å"psychological mindset† and a â€Å"requisite for street survival and a behavioral standard for identification and emulation†. Locura is a key quality gangs look for in their members because it â€Å"helps assuage fear and the anxiety associated with the fight-flight (and even the middle ground of fright) dilemma that street realities

Essay on Managing Conflict in Googles Corporate Culture

Google has evolved significantly since its debut in 1998. It has gone from an oddity (â€Å"Hey, have you heard about that new search site, Google?†) to a household name (â€Å"Why dont you check and see what Google has on that subject?†) to a verb synonymous with Internet search (â€Å"Google me. Im a pretty big deal.†). A behind the scenes look at the corporate culture driving this company will reveal how Google has managed to gain such coveted permanence in daily life, how it will manage to stay in its place as the top search engine, and how it will maintain its relevance in the technology market. One definition of culture from Merriam-Webster Online (2010) is â€Å"the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an†¦show more content†¦For a business, being what one claims to be is important for attracting and keeping talented employees and satisfying customers. In a business, the mission statement is usually the company s beacon, informing all the decisions that company makes. Googles mission statement is, â€Å"To organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful† (McCraken, 2005). This tenet directs all that Google does whether it is developing an operating system for mobile devices (Android), building a new browser from the ground up (Google Chrome), or making entire libraries of information available for search (Google Books). To underscore this mission, Google summarizes its philosophy in â€Å"Ten things we know to be true.† These 10 points illustrate Googles commitment to its users above all. The number one truth that Google believes and operates from is, â€Å"Focus on the user and all else will follow† (Google, 2010, p. 17). It has thus far been successful with offering products that meet the needs of todays business and social markets, even creating viable competition for Microsoft (Vance, 2010). Of the three types of conflict, the one wit h the most chance for growth within an organization is simple conflict. This type of conflict â€Å"occurs when two peoples goals or ideas are mutually exclusive or incompatible† (Beebe Masterson, 2006, p. 172 ). In this type of interaction, people can be encouraged to communicate effectively and find a suitableShow MoreRelatedGoogle s Organizational Structure And Organizational Culture1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthe reality that they can use the internet to conduct any type of business that they possibly can. According to Panmore Institute, â€Å"Google’s success is linked to the effectiveness of its organizational structure and organizational culture in supporting excellence in innovation. The company’s organizational structure is not conventional. Google’s organizational culture is not typical because if emphasizes change and direct social links within the firm.† (Panmore Institute, 2016). Google is a billionRead MoreGlobalisation of Google4196 Words   |  17 Pagesmerging the different nations of the world. The impact of the internet cannot be over emphasized; it has provided a common base upon which countries from the entire world are able to communicate and share information leading to a wide spread of values, culture and trade (Luthans and Doh, 2009). The impact of the internet technology on globalization includes the globalization expansion and improvement in the business strategies (Luthans and Doh, 2009. Google incorporated (inc.) which was formed in 1998 viewRead MoreManaging Across Borders and Cultures Essay2184 Words   |  9 Pagescultural understanding. Introduction In today’s world, culture is hard to ignore. It affects the way people dress, what they eat, what religion they follow and also the places they go. 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It recently experienced a disruptive shift with the success of Googles Open Source Operating Software (OS), Android, which many manufacturers now use rather than their own proprietary OS. Thus XYZ must not only compete with manufacturing titans but also find innovative solutions to develop software able to compete withRead MoreExamining The Nature Of Creativity And Addressing Creativity Myths2956 Words   |  12 Pagespossibilities to put their ideas into practice (Runco and Pritzker, 1999). It is assumed by this critical essay that innovativeness is associated with lower ambiguity and intangibility than creativity as far as innovative processes are aligned with corporate strategies, capabilities and insights. Similarly to creativity, the whole innovative process starts with the recognition of needs and directions of furth er innovation (Frankelius, 2009). After the core concept is developed, valorisation is promotedRead MoreChapter 1 ....Introduction to Organizational Behavior8028 Words   |  33 Pagesbehavior to attract talented employees who want to make a difference in the Internet world. †¢ Identify two ways that employers attempt to increase workforce ï ¬â€šexibility. †¢ Explain why values have gained importance in organizations. †¢ Deï ¬ ne corporate social responsibility and argue for or against its application in organizations. †¢ Identify the ï ¬ ve anchors on which organizational behavior is based. †¢ Diagram an organization from an open systems view. †¢ Deï ¬ ne intellectual capital and describe

The Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison - 2146 Words

Instead of making the plot of â€Å"The Bluest Eye†, center around events of overt racism or such African American issues in order to address the looming specter of slavery and race, the focus of the book and this analysis of The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison presents readers with a more complicated and ultimately deeper portrayal of the effects of racism via an emphasis on the way self-hatred plagues the black characters. In the narrator’s description of how the Breedlove family was ugly, it is stated in one of the important quotes from â€Å"The Bluest Eye†, â€Å"You looked at them and wondered why they were so ugly; you looked closely and could not find the source. Then you realized that is came from conviction, their conviction. It was as though some mysterious and all-knowing master had given each one of them a cloak of ugliness to wear and they had each accepted it without question† (39). What Morrison is stating here is that the feeling of low self-wor th after years of being put down is still perpetuating and is resulting in an ugliness that is constantly felt, if not directly seen. More importantly, the narrator suggests that they accept this imposed feeling of ugliness and lack of self-worth without questioning its source and it is this accepting of self-hatred, a hatred that comes from outside the family is one of the biggest problem faced by the family. However, it is not just the family that suffers from this feeling of polarity caused by black self-hatred, it is the entireShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1720 Words   |  7 Pagesof The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison, criticizes the danger of race discrimination for any kinds of situations with no exception. The purpose of the paper is explain how pervasive and destructive social racism was bound to happen in American society. 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With the juxtaposition of Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, who naively conforms to the barrierRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1103 Words   |  5 Pages Toni Morrison is known for her prized works exploring themes and issues that are rampant in African American communities. Viewing Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye from a psychoanalytical lens sheds light onto how, as members of a marginalized group, character’s low self-esteem reflect into their actions, desires, and defense mechanisms. In her analysis of psychoanalytical criticism, Lois Tyson focuses on psychological defense mechanisms such as selective perception, selective memory, denialRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, encompasses the themes of youth, gender, and race. The African American Civil Rights Movement had recently ended at the time the novel was written. In the book, Morrison utilizes a first-person story to convey her views on racial inequality. The protagonist and her friends find themselves in moments where they are filled with embarrassment and have a wish to flee such events. Since they are female African Americans, they are humiliated in society. One of Morrison’sRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1462 Words   |  6 PagesBildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the wo rld.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectives. Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid is a novel set in post colonial Antigua, published in 1985Read MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison992 Words   |  4 PagesSet in the 1940s, during the Great Depression, the novel The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, illustrates in the inner struggles of African-American criticism. The Breedloves, the family the story revolves around a poor, black and ugly family. They live in a two-room store front, which is open, showing that they have nothing. In the family there is a girl named Pecola Breedlove, she is a black and thinks that she is ugly because she is not white. Pecola’s father, Cholly Breedlove, goes through humiliated

What Do Consumers Believe More Company Advertising Or Online Review

Question: What Do Consumers Believe More Company Advertising Or Online Review? Answer: Introduction: Luo and de Jong (2012) advertisement and online promotion both are equally effective for influencing the customers purchasing behavior. People belonging to different geographical market tend to show their interest in using a specific product by viewing various promotional activities among which the impact of advertisement is most prominent. This particular study has provided in-depth overview about the importance of online review and company advertisement for gaining customers trust and reputation. Numerous eminent scholars have their argumentative point of views on the effectiveness of company advertising and online review for business promotion. Some of the eminent scholars have opined that online review is more effective and convincing for the customers. Online review is another form of customers feedback. After using a particular product as well as service, the consumers tend to show their own opinion regarding the reliability of products. Therefore, company does not have enough interference in online reviews. Target customers get an in-depth overview about the product potentiality after getting a response from the product users, be it positive or negative. On the other hand, some of the eminent scholars have commented that before using a product customers need to have an overall concept about product potentiality. Advertisement is the form of gaining knowledge about this particular products and services. Analysis of the discussion: Company advertisement on consumer behavior With the dynamic change of business progress the needs and demands of the customers are changing gradually. People belonging to different geographical markets are not aware of the products and its reliability. Advertisement with the help of electronic media as well as online media are one of the most effective tools with the help of which people belonging to different geographical boundaries can get an in-depth knowledge and information about the product ingredients. Schudson (2013) stated that in order to place the product in international market the role of online media advertising is undeniable. People belonging to different geographical boundaries by sitting at their drawing room can get necessary information about the brand and its services. Therefore, advertising is the most effective tool based on which people belonging to different cultures and religious backgrounds can be impressed equally towards the business services. As per the point of view of Gal-Or, Geylani and Yildiri m (2012), online review is not reliable all the time as most of the competitors tend to provide innumerable negative feedback regarding the products and services in order to demolish the brand identity and image. In the era of advanced technology people are enough concerned about this kind of rumor or propaganda. Online review on consumers buying behavior As emphasized by Cantallops and Salvi (2014) online review is more authentic than advertisement as customers after purchasing the products and services tend to provide an opinion. While making an online review companies do not get enough scope to promote their business. The business experts have to accept the opinions that come from the online reviewer. As online review is highly dependent on the customers feedback, the viewers can collect authentic data about the product image. As opined by Cantallops and Salvi (2014), among 100% customers 90% customers tend to have a faith on online review as much as personal recommendation. A concept has been created that in online reviews business organizations get least opportunities to use their rhetorical words as well as business concepts so that customers can easily trust on the products as well as services. Effective comparative analysis Numerous conspicuous scholars have been involved in this particular issue. King, Racherla and Bush (2014) stated that after the emergence of online review large number of target customers have showed their intense reluctance in having a faith on advertisement be it digital or electrical. They tend to rely on the customers feedback that they get from online reviews. Gal-Or et al. (2012) has differed the point of view of previous scholar. As per the opinion of this specific scholar, it is undeniable that emergence of online review has reduced the demand of advertising from market. At the same time, customers are also aware of the fact of rumor and competitors market strategy. Moonsamy, Alazab and Batten (2012) commented that large number of competitors intends to provide negative review about the product or the services in order to affect the brand image. It can be considered as one of the most effective competitors market strategy. On the other hand, advertising is a kind of visual tr eat for every target customers based on which they get influenced in purchasing a particular product or services. Conclusion: Based on the above argumentative evaluation it can be considered that both advertising and online review are the effective methods of brand promotion. Different scholars from their own perspectives have provided several opinions regarding its values and importance. After evaluating the entire argument, it can be concluded that both the two methods like online review as well as advertising are equally important for a business organization for promoting their brands and services. On one hand, advertisement can help the target customers to get an in-depth overview about the positive aspects of a particular product. As a result, they can get the scope to make a comparative analysis with other similar kinds of brands before purchasing it. Therefore, people belonging to different geographical markets can get an overview about the brand through advertisement. On the other hand, online review is that systematic method with the help of which customers can gain practical experience. As a resul t, consumers purchasing behavior is highly influenced. This particular method can also been considered under business promotion where the company does not have direct interference. Therefore, both the two concepts of business promotion are equally important for an organization in order to enhance their sales volume growth. At the same time, both advertising and online review helps to gain brand identity and image. Especially online review is highly effective for introducing the brand in the international market. References Cantallops, A.S. and Salvi, F., 2014. New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.41-51. Cantallops, A.S. and Salvi, F., 2014. New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.41-51. Fotis, J., Buhalis, D. and Rossides, N., 2012.Social media use and impact during the holiday travel planning process(pp. 13-24). Springer-Verlag. Gal-Or, E., Geylani, T. and Yildirim, T.P., 2012. The impact of advertising on media bias.Journal of Marketing Research,49(1), pp.92-99. 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